Key Regulations

The Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR) is the European Union's first harmonised regulatory framework for crypto-assets. It establishes a single rulebook for crypto-asset issuers and crypto-asset service providers (CASPs) across all EU Member States, replacing the fragmented national approaches that existed under AMLD5.

The recast Transfer of Funds Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2023/1113) extends the EU Travel Rule to crypto-assets and forms a core part of the European Union's financial crime framework.

The Artificial Intelligence Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, is the European Union's comprehensive regulatory framework for artificial intelligence. It applies a risk-based approach to the development, placing on the market and use of AI systems in the EU.

The Digital Operational Resilience Act, Regulation (EU) 2022/2554, is the EU's harmonised framework for managing information and communication technology risk across the financial sector. It became applicable on 17 January 2025 and applies to a broad range of regulated financial entities, including banks, payment institutions, investment firms, insurers, crypto-asset service providers and certain financial market infrastructures.

The European Digital Identity Framework, introduced through eIDAS 2.0 (Regulation (EU) 2024/1183), modernises the EU's framework for electronic identification and trust services.

The Third Payment Services Directive (PSD3) and the Payment Services Regulation (PSR) modernise the European Union's payment services framework, replacing much of PSD2 with a revised directive and a directly applicable regulation.

The Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act is the first comprehensive federal framework governing payment stablecoins in the United States.

The Digital Asset Market Clarity Act of 2025, H.R. 3633, is a U.S. federal legislative proposal intended to create a comprehensive market-structure framework for digital assets.

The UK's new cryptoasset regime brings a broad range of cryptoasset activities within the Financial Services and Markets Act (FSMA) framework for the first time.

Luxembourg's Blockchain Law IV is the Law of 20 December 2024 amending the country's framework for dematerialised securities and the financial sector. It is the fourth major Luxembourg legislative measure intended to support the use of distributed ledger technology in capital markets.